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The cascade is a result of the progression of a shock through different kinds of vulnerability. It is obvious that military instability is likely to complicate and retard the process of getting natural hazard impacts under control. There has recently been a surge of research interest in disaster and conflict (ref).
At the same time, we see widening inequalities in who has access to recovery resources, and disparities in vulnerability that are too often predictable by socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity. In an era of threats and vulnerabilities that are increasing in complexity we need to simplify the process. 1] [link]. [2]
Not long ago, risk managers concerned themselves mainly with hazards such as fires and floods; or in the financial sector, loan defaults (credit risk). 2007-2012): Audit management, enterprise, and operational risk management, compliance beyond financial controls, and more. Are there differences at all? Which is best?
A changing situation The eminent anthropologist Anthony Oliver-Smith argued [vi] that in Haiti colonialism has left an enduring legacy of vulnerability to disasters. In his words, "the colonial institutions’ assiduous extraction of surpluses left the population both destitute and vulnerable to hazards for centuries to come."
Powerful floods struck Puerto Lumbreras again in 2012. In 2021 a colleague who studies natural hazards wrote to me that "our institute is all but destroyed and colleagues have lost their homes". Each new disaster reveals the shortcomings of hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness. Why has this not solved the problem?
2012) found that the negative aspects, such as the diffusion of unfounded rumour, were self-correcting. For example, if people are poor and their lives are generally precarious, they cannot be made resilient against disasters such as floods and earthquakes unless the problem of vulnerability to life's exigencies in general is reduced.
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