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Vox clamantis in deserto : to examine this aspect of the disaster one would have to face up to difficult issues, such as corruption, political decision making, people's expectations of public safety, fatalism versus activism, and more. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15: 931-945. Natural Hazards 109: 161-200.
The scenario for this pandemic (excluding the recovery) was fully formulated over the period 2003-2009. Since 2008, pandemics have been top of the list of 96 threats and hazards in the UK National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies in all editions. I have taught it every year since then.
Yet, faced with natural hazards, relative isolation, economic deprivation and cultural decline, it badly needs social solidarity, and that is something it lacks. In Florence, by contrast, there is a living, active concept of fiorentinesimo. The current urban form was largely given to it by Norman invaders 940 years ago.
The former has been in widespread use since about 1993, and the latter since around 2009. Its antidotes are thought, reasoning, action, activism, and the application of ethics and morality. The tendency in research and policy advice is to assume that everyone in power has a strong desire to reduce hazards and threats.
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