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Since 2005 when the World Health Organisation started to advocate serious viral disease planning the United Kingdom ran or participated in nine major simulation exercises on pandemics, some of them pan-European initiatives. Despite the obvious need for mitigation, emergency response capability cannot be neglected.
It is now more than ten years since there was a general push to induce countries to plan for pandemics (WHO 2005). US Homeland Security Council 2005, UK Government 2008), while in others it did not. It is important to ensure that emergencyplanning measures are balanced among society's and people's needs.
The same shortcomings were present in the 2005 London bombings, as were others (for example, the way in which 'major incident' as declared). Most striking is the abyss between plans and the ability to implement them with emergency response measures.
One of the most intransigent problems with the predecessor of the Sendai Framework, Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005-2015, was its resolute reliance on a 'top-down' approach. UNISDR 2005. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities. Surminski and J-A. Linnerooth-Bayer (eds) 2019.
Since the start of the crisis, I have constantly affirmed that the key to understanding the effects of this pandemic is the UK Government's failure to give adequate weight to emergencyplanning and management (Alexander 2020a, 2020b). There were major exercises on pandemics in 2005, 2007 and 2016.
The coup de grâce was the response to Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. They were then supplanted by a renewed emphasis on counter-terrorism and that in turn was overlain by frantic preparations for the supply-chain disaster of Brexit (emergency response is very much a "flavour of the month" business, just like ice-cream shops).
Caffrey 2005. For example, business continuity management has a slightly different set of priorities which induces it to change the emphasis among triggering factors (Elliott et al. The health sciences also have a different perspective (Myrtle et al. By convention, conflict, warfare and disease epidemics are excluded. Myrtle, R.C.,
A example of this is the recommendation following the King’s Cross Fire of November 1987, where 31 people perished, highlighting the hampered emergency services response due to ineffective underground communication. This communication challenge resurfaced during the response to the London 7/7 bombing in 2005, resulting in 52 fatalities.
Since the late 20th century, the concept of anomie has been reinterpreted (Allan 2005, pp. Journal of Emergency Management 8(6): 15-27. He coined the term anomie , which he defined as a reduction in interaction between social groups leading to a breakdown in mutual understanding, perhaps with a clash of norms, values and ideologies.
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